![]() Vesicular rashes, maculopapular rashes, urticarial rashes, petechiae/purpura, acral lesions, liveoid lesions Orchitis, scrotal discomfort, scrotal pain Skeletal muscle injury, myalgias, generalized weakness, fatigue, arthralgias, decreased bone mineral density Myocarditis, heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, shock, arrhythmias, pulmonary thromboembolism, coagulation disordersĪnorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, liver injury, sore throatĪcute renal injury, proteinuria, hematuria Hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, adrenal insufficiency, thyrotoxicosis Hypoageusia, hyposmia/anosmia, neuralgia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, chemosensory dysfunction This epithelial expression, together with the presence of ACE2 in vascular endothelium, also provides a first step in understanding the pathogenesis of the main clinical manifestations of COVID-19 ( Table 1).Ĭough, dyspnea, pneumonia, bilateral interstitial inflammatory involvement, acute respiratory distress syndrome, shortness of breath, nasal dischargeĪcute stroke, meningitis, encephalitis, headaches and dizziness, ataxia The ACE2 receptor is present mostly in humans in the epithelia of the lung and small intestine, which could provide potential entry routes for SARS-CoV-2. The localization of ACE2 protein occurs in almost all human organs such as oral and nasal mucosa, nasopharynx, lung, stomach, small intestine, colon, skin, lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, spleen, liver, kidney, and brain. ACE2 has been identified as the functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2. The mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on the binding of the S protein of the virus to a receptor that is a metallopeptidase called Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The incubation period varies between 2 and 14 days, with an average of 5 days. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted mainly through virus-containing respiratory droplets or by contaminated objects. These numbers continue to rise despite the administration of 4,454,162,834 doses of vaccine administered. Its transmission probability has been estimated at the onset of the pandemic at 1.4–2.5 resulting in at least 203,391,279 cases of COVID-19 illness and 4,303,090 deaths have been reported. Currently, the world continues to suffer from the COVID-19 pandemic. ![]() Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multisystem disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which primarily causes respiratory symptoms. CoVs can mutate and recombine rapidly, leading to new CoVs. ![]() In addition, understanding the dermatologic lesions associated with COVID-19 could be useful to establish a personalized care plan.Ĭoronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of zoonotic, single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses. Knowledge of the dermatologic manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 contributes to the diagnosis of COVID-19 in patients with skin lesions associated with respiratory symptoms or in asymptomatic patients. ![]() Treatment used for dermatological lesions includes therapy with anticoagulants, corticosteroids, and antihistamines. In relation to severity, the presence of liveoid lesions may be associated with a more severe course of the disease. These manifestations may be the first presenting symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as is the case with acral lesions, vesicular eruptions, and urticaria. The most common cutaneous manifestations in patients with COVID-19 are vesicular eruptions, petechial/purpuric rashes, acral lesions, liveoid lesions, urticarial rash, and maculopapular-erythematous rash. The search was conducted in the following electronic databases: Medline (PubMed), SciELO, and Cochrane Library Plus. The aim of this study is to analyze the scientific literature on cutaneous manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 by means of a narrative literature review until June 2021. ![]() However, an increasing number of cutaneous manifestations associated with this disease have been reported. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multisystem disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that primarily causes respiratory symptoms. ![]()
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